Social Inclusion Practices in Nepal:

1. Constitutional Arrangements

Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 1990 has principally accepted inclusive governance

and it was not realized until the promulgation of Interim Constitution in Nepal 2007. Interim Constitution of Nepal adopted the proportionate inclusiveness for disadvantaged and oppressed group
and it was materialized in the Constituent Assembly of Nepal 2008. It had also extended the fundamental rights of the citizen by including the rights of women, right of children, right to social justice and so on. The sense of social inclusion has been further intensified the Constitution of Nepal-2072. It has included the provision of acquiring citizenship from the name of mother. It has increased the number of fundamental rights to 31 in number and some of the included fundamental rights are- right to language and culture, right of Dalits, right of senior citizens. Constitution of Nepal has provision of constitutional bodies like National Women Commission, National Dalit Commission, National Inclusion Commission, Madhesi Commission, Adhibasi Janjati Commission, Muslim Commission, etc. Article 84 of the constitution has ensured at least 33% of the women's participation in Federal Parliament and Provincial Parliament. Article 215 and 222 has ensured the representation of women, Dalit or minority group in the State mechanism.

2. Institutional Arrangement

Several initiatives have been taken by the government to mainstream inclusion through the arrangement of different institutions. Government set the Ministry of Women, Child and Social Welfare in 1992. After 2 years, National Committee for Development of Marginalized, Oppressed and Dalit Class was established. National Dalit Commission and National Women Commission have also been established in 2002 AD . After the popular People's Movement II, the government commissioned a high level Committee on Reservation to recommend appropriate policy, mechanism and procedures for effective enforcement of reservation system. Following the recommendation of high level commission, the government brought the reservation policy in 2007 for the inclusive representation of women, Dalits, indigenous people, backward community and people with disability.

3. Bureaucratic Arrangement

The amendment of Civil Services Act in 2007 has ensured the representation of marginalized and excluded group in the State mechanism. The Act after the amendment has the provision of 45% reservation seats. Considering the vacant posts as 100%, 45% is fulfilled through inclusive competition exam and the rest of the 55% is fulfilled through open competition. Considering 45% as 100%, the inclusion is done by :

a. Female- 33%

b. Indigenous group-27%

c. Madhesi-22%

d. Dalit-9%

e. Candidates with Physical Disability-5%

f. Backward Districts-4%

4.  Policy Arrangements

For the first time, the government of Nepal incorporated the policies and programs targeting for the development of indigenous people, women, Madhesi, Dalits and other marginalized and excluded communities in Ninth Five Year Plan. All periodic plans since 2000 AD has prioritized social inclusion. Local Self Governance Act 1999 had provision for mandatory representation of disadvantaged groups in local bodies. The concept of Social Inclusion and exclusion got concern in 10th Five Year Plan. 11th, 12th and 13th Three Year Plan focused on Social Inclusion and Gender Equality. 14th Three Year Plan has incorporated " Gender Equality, Inclusion and Mainstreaming" as  a separate component of development.