Industrialization

Introduction of Industrialization
Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from
Agrarian society into an Industrial society involving the extensive reorganization of economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industy promotes secondary as well as tertiary production as employment. It sometimes also refers to primary production related activities too. So,far 'industry' refers to a wide range of activities, like farming (primary), manufacturing (secondary) and services/tourism(tertiary) production system , it encompasses production at any scale, from the local (cottage) to global (multinational/ transnational) production system. Manufacturing, in real sense mean to 'making by hand'; however, with the course of industrialization, it is understood as mechanical production in factories, mills, and other industrial plants.
History of Industrialization
The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the industrial revolution and took place from the mid nineteen to early nineteenth century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium Germany and France. The characteristics of this early industrialization were technologically progress, a shift from Rural work to Industrial labour, financial investment in new Industrial structure and early development in class consciousness and related to this. Later commentators have called this the first Industrial Revolution.
"Second Industrial Revolution " labels the later changes that came about in the mid nineteenth century after the refinement of the steam engine , harnessing of electricity, invention of internal combustion engine and construction of canals, railway and electric power lines. Invention of the Assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steel works and textile factories replaced home as the place of work. By the end of the twenty century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialized.
Consequences of Industrialization
1. Environment Consequences
The negative consequences of industrialization are sometimes more apparent in developing countries than in countries with established industrial structure where the social dislocation and environmental problems that often accompany development long ago. In all countries whatever their level of development, there are long term problems associated with industry. Environmental safeguards may be overlooked leading to serious problem of air land and water pollution. One of the most incidents occurred in Minamata, Japan, where mercury residues from nearby chemical plants contaminated the water of Minamata Bay, were ingested by fish, and then entered the human food chain to cause death and illness for up to 30 years after the events.
Another notorious example was Bhopal, India, where a leak of poisonous gas killed thousands of people and blinded or otherwise injured many others. In Europe, the North Sea is suffering from the effect of industrial waste, thermal pollution from power stations, atmospheric fallout containing high level of lead, oil spilled from ships, and radioactive material from nuclear power station.
2. Social Consequences

The production occuring on a massive scale causes mass migration of people to cities. Differentiation ( in division of labor, class or government) has a significant impact on social relationships. Family roles changed due to the changes occuring and varied among classes. Wealth grew dramatically during the early nineteenth century but the middle and upper class are benefited the most. The living condition in the factory towns often were deplorable overcrowded.