System Approach to the Migration

Introduction: Akin L. Mabogunje is an African Scholar who has approached rural-urban migration from different point of view rather than prevailing approaches.It shows the system approach to rural-urban migration is concerned not only with why people migrate but also with the implications and consequences of the process. This theory is designed to answer why and how a rural individual become a permanent city dweller as well as what factors are operating...

Zipf's Inverse Distance Law

Introduction: G.K Zipf, a well known geographer developed the gravity hypothesis of migration based on Ravenstein laws of migration ;most of the migrants are from short distance and igration proceeds step-by-step. It is also known as (P1 X P2)D hypothesis or social physics of Newton.It is used to predict the interaction between two places.This law is based Newtons Gravitational Law which states that gravitational force between two bodies is directly...

Bongaart's Proximate Determinats Of Fertility

In the year 1970, Bongaart refined the Davis and Blake's eleven intermediate variables of fertility into nine direct determinants of fertility called 'proximate determinats of fertility '. According to the Bongaarts, " the proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which social, economic and environmental variables affects fertility ".The proximate determinants of fertility can be classified in two...

Ravenstein Laws of Migration:

Introduction: Ernst George Ravenstein was a British statistician who wrote two articles and published a paper entitled “The Laws of Migration” in 1885 which is based on the data related to migration between England and Wales in the 1880s decade. He argued that migration was not random but governed by general laws and this law was effected by variables such as distance, transportation, motive, etc. In his first thesis, he put forward the general...

Intermediate Variable Framework Of Davis and Blake

Davis and Blake (1956)3 identified a set of 11 'intermediate variables' which directly affect fertility which they grouped into the following three categories. Bongaarts (1978) further refined the list of proximate determinants. Factors Affecting Intercourse Variables A. Those governing the formation and dissolution of unions in the reproductive period Age of entry into sexual unionsPermanent celibacy: proportions of women never entering sexual...

Business Cycle

Definition: It refers to the fluctuations in output and employment with alternating periods of time. It shows a rise or fall in aggregate output, national income and employment in the economy. Features of Business Cycle: 1. It is periodic and regular which means it operates at regular interval of 10 to 12 years and all the phases came regularly. 2. It covers all the sectors. 3. It is universal which means it is found in every countries. 4. It is...

Saving, Saving Function, Average Propensity to Save and Marginal Propensity to Save

Saving is defined as the excess of income over consumption expenditure. The concept of saving is closely related to the concept of consumption. Saving is the part of income that is not consumed. Generally, as the level of income increase, saving also increases and vice versa. Saving function or the propensity to save expresses the relationship between saving and the level of income. It is simply the desire of the households to hoard a part of their...

Causes and Effects of Inflation

Causes of Inflation: a. Demand Pull Inflation Inflation caused due to excessive demand is termed as demand pull inflation. It exists in the economy when overall price of goods and services increase due to increase in aggregate demand, but the aggregate supply remains the same. When the economy is at full employment, it is not possible to produce goods and services any further because the available resources have been optimally utilized. In this...

Inflation and its Measurement

Inflation It is the situation of continuous increase in price of the goods and services during which the quantity of money increases but the value of money decreases. Important Characteristics of Inflation: 1. It is regular and continuous. 2. It is cumulative. 3. It is the situation of the increase in general price level not the increase in individual price. 4. The supply of goods and services is less in comparison to their demand. Measurement...