Development Strategies

(1) State Led Development
(2) NGO Led Development
(3) Market Led Development
(4) Community Led Development
(5) Donor Led Development

(a) State Led Development

In the present context, the thinking that the government should do everything
has been changed into that government cannot do everything. The WDR 1996 has clearly mentioned that for maintaining sustainable poverty reduction effect the government has to do the following things.
* Establishing a foundation of the rule of law.
* National defense
* Capital formation, monetary policies, foreign policies
* Maintaining a non distortionery policy environment including macroeconomic stability.
* Investing in basic social services and infrastructure.
* Protecting the vulnerable.
* Protecting the environment.
* Policies for reducing regional disparities and promoting national integrity.

(b) NGO Led Development

* In the present times, no government singly is able to fulfill the necessities of people, so the needs of NGOs and other stakeholders cannot be underestimated.
* These organizations are voluntary, non profit motive and autonomous.
* Since these work in close proximity of the general public, these are transparent, doing advocacy of the people's rights and responsibilities of  the  public organizations and teach people how to consolidate their voices.
* These are basically free from bureaucratic hurdles, inefficiency, budget deficiency and have good service delivery mechanisms.
* Their work has to be completed within a specified time frame, so they are accountable to the general public and the funding agencies as well as producing tangible benefits within the timeframe.
* After all , these should not be competitive to the government, rather complementarities; filling the gap left by government.

(c) Market Led Development

* The World Development report 1996 in its rhetorical form- From Plan to Market , provided emphasis on capitalist system, the WB and IMF started working in market based development strategies.
* Economic liberalization, globalization and privatization process has still fostered the strategy.
* It emphasizes utilizing talents, efficiency and resources of the private sector.  It brings  competitiveness and reduces prices.
* Even if prices is high, the consumer realizes the full value of each pie of their money.
* After 1980s and especially after 1990s , Nepal also adopted the policy of privatization of state owned enterprises.
* Government has to create conducive rules, regulations and working environment for fostering the private sector based on the principle of laissize faire or deregulation.

(d) Community Led Development

* Traditionally, the Dikuri, Guthi, Rodi, Veja , Parma and Bhajaita are called community based organizations .
* In the present a wide arrays of organizations are called community based including people's organizations and nongovernmental organizations.
* Though not legal statuses, these are powerful local development institutions .
* People's organizations can be defined as democratic organizations that represents the interest of their members and are accountable to them
* They are formed by people who know each other or who share a common experience and their continued existences does not depend on outside support or external funding.
* These include civil society organizations, voluntary organizations, self-help organizations and many more.
* Work on the philosophy that every human beings has tremendous potential in her/himself. This hidden potential in the poor can be unleashed if the right environment is provided.
* As an individual, the poor are voiceless, powerless and vulnerable. By bringing them together as a homogenous collectives, they have tremendous strength.

(e) Donor Led Development

* It is an alternative development model.
* State intervention can play positive role but not sufficient to work in micro level.
* When the government became unstable, NGOs can give continuity to the developement projects, can mobilize social forces, effective in welfare and relief/ recovery services.
* It can influence states macro policy reform.
* Processes for decision making at lower level.
* Donor have sufficient legal freedom to form, operate.
* Welfare oriented, professional/ thematic.
* Huge resources investment, reached in pro-poor in some case with many services water, education, health, skills.